The Hunters: Phantom Chapter 32

Matt watched in horror as the phantom shook Damon like a rag dol . Elena spun around to lock eyes with Matt and Bonnie. â€Å"We have to save him,† she whispered, a fierce determination on her face, and immediately took off running, shoving her way through the piles of ash. Matt figured that if Damon, with al his vampire strength and fighting skil s honed over the centuries, was so completely helpless in the hands of this phantom – and jeez, with the way it was yanking him back and forth now, his head real y was going to pop off – then Matt, Bonnie, and Elena had less than a snowbal ‘s chance in hel of making any difference to this fight. The only real question would be whether the phantom would kil them, too. And the truth was that Matt didn't even like Damon, not one tiny little bit. Sure, Damon had helped save Fel ‘s Church from Katherine and Klaus, and from the kitsune demons, but he was stil a murderous, sarcastic, unrepentant, cocky, arrogant, nasty, usual y unpleasant vampire. Damon had undoubtedly hurt more people than he had helped over his long life, even if you generously credited him with saving every single resident of Fel ‘s Church. And he always cal ed Matt â€Å"Mutt,† pretending that he couldn't remember his actual name, which was completely infuriating. As Damon meant it to be. Stil , Elena loved Damon. For whatever reason. Probably the same inexplicable reason that regular girls loved regular old bad boys, Matt suspected. A dyed-in-the-wool good guy, he'd never seen the appeal himself. But Elena did. And Damon was part of the team, sort of, and you didn't leave your teammates to get decapitated by demon icewomen on ash-blanketed moons in other dimensions without at least doing your best to put up a fight. Not even if you didn't like them at al . Matt ran after Elena, and Bonnie fol owed. When they reached the phantom, Elena was already scrabbling at the icy blue hand clutched around Damon's throat, trying to pry its fingers up enough to slip her own underneath. The phantom barely glanced at her. Matt gave an inward sigh at the hopelessness of it al and swung a powerful roundhouse blow toward the phantom's stomach. Before his fist could connect, his target turned from ice to swirling, intangible mist, and his punch passed right through the phantom. Thrown off balance, Matt staggered and fel into the phantom's now-vaporous torso. It was like fal ing into a freezing-cold river of sewage. A numbing chil and a horrible, sickening smel washed over Matt. He pul ed back out of the mist, nauseous and shivering but upright. He blinked dazedly around. Elena was grappling with the phantom's fingers, scratching and yanking, and the phantom watched her with a kind of distant amusement, not the least bit alarmed or discomforted by the girl's efforts. Then it moved, so quickly Matt saw only a blur of bluish green, sending Elena flying, her arms and legs flailing, into a heap of ash. She scrambled to her feet immediately, blood trickling from her hairline, leaving red tracks through the ash that now coated her skin. Bonnie was trying, too: She'd worked her way around behind the phantom and was hitting and kicking at it. Mostly, her feet and fists swung harmlessly right through the phantom's mist, but occasional y a blow would connect with the more solid ice. These blows seemed like they were total y ineffective, though: Matt couldn't tel whether the phantom had even noticed Bonnie was attacking it. Veins were bulging out of Damon's face and neck, and he hung from the phantom's hand. The flesh of his neck was white around the stretched tendons. Superpowered strong old vampire or not, Damon was hurting. Matt tossed up a prayer in the direction of whatever saint looked after people pursuing hopeless causes, and threw himself back into the fight. There was blackness. And then there was pain, and the darkness reddened, then cleared, and Damon could see once more. The phantom – that bitch of a phantom – was holding him by the neck, and her skin was so cold, so cold it burned everywhere it touched him. He couldn't move. But he could see Elena standing below him. Beautiful Elena, covered in ash, streaked with blood, her teeth bared and her eyes flashing like a warrior goddess. His heart swel ed with love and fear. The brave little redbird and the boy Mutt fought beside her. Please, he wanted to say. Don't try to save me. Run. Elena, you have to run. But he couldn't move, couldn't speak. Then the phantom shifted her stance and, as Damon watched, Elena stopped her attack and clutched at her stomach, grimacing in pain. Matt and Bonnie were holding themselves as wel , their faces pale and strained, their mouths open in screams. With a wail, Bonnie col apsed. Oh no, Damon thought with a bolt of horror. Not Elena. Not the redbird. Not for me. Then suddenly, a gusting wind swirled around him, and he was flung from the phantom's grip. There was a roaring in his ears and a stinging in his eyes. Looking around, he saw Bonnie and Elena, their long hair flying around them wildly; Matt, his arms pinwheeling; and the phantom, its glass-green face for once startled instead of knowing. Tornado, Damon thought vaguely, and then, Gateway, and he realized he was being thrown upward, back into the darkness once more. The wind was howling at a deafening pitch now, and Stefan had to raise his voice to a shout to even hear himself over it. He had to keep both hands clamped down on the book – it was being pul ed out of his hands as if something alive and very strong were consciously trying to yank it away. â€Å"Mihi adi. Te voco. Necesse est tibi parere,† Stefan said. â€Å"Come to me. I summon you. You must obey.† That was the end of the summoning spel in Latin. The next part was the banishing spel , which would be in English. Of course, the phantom would have to actual y be there for that part of the spel to be effective. The wind whipping through the garage grew even stronger. Outside, thunder rumbled. Stefan watched the innermost circle, deep in the shadows of the garage, but there was nothing there. The unnatural wind was beginning to let up. Panic rose in his chest. Had they failed? He glanced anxiously at Alaric and Meredith, then at Mrs. Flowers, but none of them were looking at him, staring transfixed at the circle. Stefan looked back into it, hoping against hope. But there was nothing there. Wait. There was the faintest movement of something, right in the center of the circle, the tiniest flash of blue-green light, and along with it came a chil . Not like the cold wind that had spun through the garage, but more like an icy breath – inhale and exhale, inhale and exhale – slow and steady and freezing cold, right from that one spot. The glimmer widened, deepened, darkened, and suddenly what Stefan was looking at shifted and changed from an amorphous glimmer to a woman. An icy, misty, giant woman tinted in shades of blue and green. Inside her chest was a deep red rose, its stem a solid mass of thorns. Meredith and Celia let out audible gasps. Mrs. Flowers stared calmly, while Alaric's jaw had dropped. This must be the jealousy phantom. Stefan had always thought of jealousy as burning hot. Fiery kisses, fiery anger. But anger, lust, envy, al the things that made up jealousy, could be cold, too, and he had no doubt that they had the right phantom. Stefan noticed al these things about the phantom and forgot them again in a split second, because it wasn't just the ice-woman who materialized at the center of the circle. Confused, weeping, staggering, streaked with ash and mud, three humans had appeared there as wel . His beautiful, elegant Elena, caked in grime, her golden hair tangled and matted, lines of blood running down her face. Delicate little Bonnie, tearstained and pale as milk, but with an expression of fury as she kicked and clawed at the phantom. And al -American, always reliable Matt, dusty and disheveled, turning to peer out at them with a peculiarly blank expression, as if simply wondering what fresh hel he'd landed in now. And then one more person, a fourth figure wobbling and gasping, the last to shimmer into view. For a moment, Stefan didn't recognize him – couldn't recognize him, because this man wasn't supposed to exist anymore. Instead he just felt like a hauntingly familiar stranger. The stranger put his hands to his throat protectively and looked out of the circle, straight at Stefan. Through a bloody, swol en lip and bruised slits of eyes, the ghost of a bril iant smile appeared, and the gears of Stefan's mind slotted into place and began to turn again at last. Damon. Stefan was so flabbergasted he didn't know what to feel at first. Then, deep within him, a slow warmth spread with the realization that his brother was back. The last piece left of al his strange history was here once again. Stefan wasn't alone. Stefan took a step forward toward the edge of the diagram, holding his breath. â€Å"Damon?† he said softly, wonderingly. Jealousy snapped its head toward him, and Stefan was pinned to his spot by its glassy cold gaze. â€Å"He came back before, you know,† it said conversational y, and its voice chil ed Stefan as if ice water had been thrown in his face. â€Å"He just didn't want you to know so he could have Elena al to himself. He's been lurking around, lying low, playing tricks like he always does.† Jealousy was undoubtedly feminine, and its cool observational tone reminded Stefan of the little voice that sometimes spoke from the back of his mind, cal ing out his darkest and most shameful thoughts. Could the others even hear it? Or was it speaking straight into his mind? He risked a glance around. They al – Meredith, Celia, Alaric, Mrs. Flowers – stood stil as statues, staring at Jealousy. Behind them, the makeshift beds lay empty. When the three sleepers' astral forms had entered the circle with the phantom, their bodies must have somehow joined them, making them solid within the inner circle. â€Å"He came to Elena,† the phantom taunted. â€Å"He kept his resurrection a secret from you so that he could pursue her. Damon didn't worry for a moment about how you felt about his death. And while you were busy mourning him, he was busy visiting Elena's bedroom.† Stefan reeled backward. â€Å"He always wants what you have, and you know it,† the phantom continued, its translucent lips curving in a smile. â€Å"It's been true since you were mortals. Remember how he came home from university and stole Katherine away from you? He used al his charms on her, just because he knew you loved her. Even with the smal things: If you had a toy, he'd take it. If you wanted a horse, he'd ride it. If there was a piece of meat on the platter between you, he'd take it even if he wasn't hungry, just so you wouldn't get it.† Stefan shook his head slowly from side to side, again feeling too slow, like he had once again missed the important moment. Damon had been visiting Elena? When he had cried on her shoulder about his fal en brother, had Elena known Damon was alive? â€Å"But you thought you could trust Elena, didn't you, Stefan?† Elena turned to stare at him, her cheeks pale beneath their coating of ash. She looked sick and apprehensive. â€Å"No, Stefan – † Elena started to say, but the phantom went swiftly on, its words soothingly spoken poison. Stefan knew what it was doing. He wasn't a fool. Yet he felt himself nodding, agreeing, a slow red anger rising inside him despite his more rational self's struggle against it. â€Å"Elena kept his secret from you, Stefan. She knew you were in pain and that knowing Damon was alive would have eased that suffering, but stil she kept silent, because Damon asked her to, and what Damon wanted was more important than helping you. Elena's always wanted both of the Salvatore brothers. It's funny, real y, Stefan, how you're never quite enough for the women you love. This isn't the first time Elena's chosen Damon over you, is it?† Elena shook her head, but Stefan could barely see her through the tide of fury and misery rising up inside him. â€Å"Secrets and lies,† the phantom went on merrily, with an icy tinkling laugh, â€Å"and foolish Stefan Salvatore always a few steps behind. You've known al along there was something between Elena and Damon that you weren't part of, Stefan, and yet you would never have suspected she'd betray you for him.† Damon seemed to snap out of his daze, as if suddenly hearing the phantom for the first time. His brows drew into a heavy frown and he slowly turned his head to stare at it. He opened his mouth to speak, but at that moment, something in Stefan broke, and before Damon could issue whatever denial or taunt was on the tip of his tongue, Stefan lunged forward with a shout of rage, plunging straight through the chalked diagram. Faster than the human eye could fol ow, Stefan knocked Damon backward out of the circle and threw him against the far wal of the garage.

Global Warming: Cause and Effect Essay

It is a matter of fact that every person every day faces the problem of global warming affecting his health and endangering the future of our planet. Global warming is defined as increase in overall temperature on the Earth. Global warming occurs when the greenhouse effect hold light and heat from the sun in our atmosphere causing the overall increase in temperatures. Global warming negatively affects not only people, but also animals and plans. Those, who appear unable to adapt to changes, die. Global warming is caused, firstly, by driving cars leading to air and water pollution. Electrical pollution is one cause because coal-fired plants throw many gases and harmful particles (e. g. carbon dioxide) into the air. Furthermore, fossil fuels are dead animals and plants and when they burn pollutants are sent into the Earth atmosphere. One more reason of global warming is deforestation because trees were the main source of converting carbon dioxide into oxygen. Global warming is the result of inadequate use of energetic source instead of sources that cause less pollution. For example, people mostly use petroleum for transportation and electricity instead of working out alternative sources. All these facts caused global warming which effect is really terrifying. Indisputable effect of global people is worsening people’s health as it is difficult for people, especially for older generation, to bear heat. Hot weather affects health increasing the number of heat attacks, and death rates among older generation. Furthermore, we breathe polluted air which can cause troubles with lungs and respiratory tracts. Global warming leads to sea level rise and the water washes away many low lands leaving many people and animals without shelter and food. Global warming affects oceans as the water becomes warmer endangering the life of algae which is the food for fish. The next moment to mention is that global warming causes acid rains destroying everything it is touching. Summing up, global warming alters climatic conditions and leads to species extinction.

Assessment of a New Emerging Market-Free-Sample for Students

The trade of timber is one of the most important trades in Indonesia. Indonesia’s forest products such timber and other related products comprises 10% of the country’s GDP. Indonesia used to contribute 70% of the plywood industry in the world during the year 1980. But from then there can be seen a declining trend in the exports. The figure came down from $3.6 Billion to $2 billion in the year 2000. The decline is due to some of the aggressive policies that are being taken by the government against exports of timber. Timber or forest product industry is one of the major revenue generators for Indonesia The business market of Indonesia is one amongst the biggest business market in the world. It is projected in accordance to the economic growth that by 2030 it will become 7 th largest economy in the world. The country of Indonesia has a GDP of 932 billion as recorded in the year 2016. It ranks in 8 th position based on the purchase power parity. The economy of Indonesia is growing at a rate of 5% every year since from the last decade. The country has sound macroeconomic policies and a huge population of youth that has a growing domestic demand have promising future ahead. The government has announced a number of reforms or policies in order to push the economic condition of the country. The reforms are expected to improve the business condition of the country. The GDP per capita of the country is $3604 which is more than many of the Asian countries. The country has the world’s fourth largest middle income group people with 17.3 households as in the year 2014. (Larson et al, 2016). The country has developed a plan for the next 20 years. In the next twenty years the country wants to make development and changes. There plan starts from the year 2005 and will last till the year 2025. The main focus of the country is its economy and other reforms. The country is looking forward to strengthen its infrastructure and they also came up with other development programmed to develop its educational and healthcare sector of the country. The reform which are being taken by the country are extremely beneficial for the people who are in the below poverty level (Lustig, N 2016). The country is currently facing the problem of the slower pace of creation of jobs for the people 1.7 million person join jobs each and it is problem for the country to create jobs. The total population of the country is around 253 million out of that 28 million people live under the line of poverty. The government is trying their level best to reduce the poverty level but from the last few days this speed has reduced. The poverty level which was getting reduced by 1% each and every ever is now reduced to 0.3% (Aguiar, Narayanan and McDougall, 2016). The government of the country has come up with reforms regarding the reduction of poverty level and betterment of the public services. The public services include transportation, health, education etc. a huge stress has been given by the government in regard to the health care sector of the country. The health care sector has made many advances so there is an improved and modern health care unit so as to provide health care services. The gap between the poor and the rich is relevant in Indonesia and the government is trying to reduce this gap. The health care in the country suffered a lot. It is said that 103 children in 1, 00,000 die in Indonesia which is a very high alarming number and reforms are being taken to reduce this high maternal death. Out of 3 every 1 child suffers health condition such as problems of growth and brain development. The problem in the youth results in problem of the growth of the country. As it is know that youth is the future of our country and it is through youth that we bring changes and new reforms in the country (Otoo et al 2014). If the youth of the country is not strong enough then it is bad sign for the country. The government of Indonesia is trying to cope up these challenges and they had been pretty successful regarding controlling these problems.   In order to strengthen the economy of the country the government has brought new reforms they have opened up sectors for differ ent kinds of investment and thus this will reduce high logistics that they may had been facing in the past. The economy of Indonesia is rising it is making great progress so the investors around the world seeing this great opportunity. The country has become a great place for foreign direct investment from around the world. After India and china Indonesia is the third major country if consider its economy. As we know that the country is the world’s tenth most populated country and the world’s third largest democratic country. If we look at the export of Indonesia, in that case we will see that the country is one of the largest exporter of thermal coal and also the exporter of palm oil. These are products of high value and they fetch high revenue from the foreign countries. The most important thing about the economy of the country is that it relies on itself. The economy does not rely on other countries. In one word it can be said that the country is self sufficient, it is a great advantage for the country. When a country is self sufficient, in that case the country does not require the help of other countries in case of importing products that means the country produces most of the products (Otoo et al, 2015). Right at the moment Indonesia is standing at a situation where it is a key point of the country where it is making a transition for the betterment for the country. The growing from small economy to a larger economy, the country was a primary producer of the products such as coal and palm oil and now has become one of the largest producers of in the world. The country has opened a window for the investors.    The country’s economy is one of the fastest in the world and its growing at a rapid speed. This economy brings in great opportunity to investment. There is a huge opportunity for foreign direct investment within the country (Ozawa, T 2014).The analyst have made an assumption that Indonesia will grow as a very large and stable economy in the future though the country is facing some issues such as corruption and bureaucratic issues that is restraining the country from 360 degree modernization but still the country has every possible opportunity to grow. One of the main issues is the poor infrastructure and not qualified human resources which are not contributing towards its growth. The country has all the resources needed to rule the economy of the world in the future but it is to be guided in a way such that it can be made possible (Ikein, A.A 2017). The government of Indonesia is proactive and they have come up with numerous numbers of reforms which will help in foreign direct investment. Although the corruption remains a big issue which needs to be handled for better growth Due to the large population of Indonesia the market is very vast and dynamic and the FDI will help the country to fulfill its need and thereby providing growth for the country by improving its economy. Thanks to a large population and FDI inflow, Brazil’s potential for growth is extremely high. There is a substantial trend of a growing middle-class and the gap between the rich and poor is declining steadily. Additionally, the Central Bank has successfully reduced the risk of currency devaluation and has also brought inflation under control. However, when it comes to the dollar, the currency is considered to be overvalued, which is adversely affecting the exports of the country There are a number of people who live under the line of poverty and with the help of FDI the economic condition of the country will improve. The country has huge number of youth who have demands and wants that can be fulfilled by the FDI by giving them the opportunity for employment and a better standard of living. The country is good at technology. The maximum part of the population of Indonesia is under the age of 30 and they are technologically savvy. So with the flowing of foreign direct investment, the country can utilize its human resource to generate revenue which will help in improving the condition of the country The country of Indonesia is rich in natural resources. The natural resources that are being produced are petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver. The natural resources of the country will attract foreign investment more in comparison to the countries with fewer natural resources. This helps to give a competitive edge over other countries which may have few amounts of natural resources. It also opens the door for multinational companies to exploit the situation and do business in the country which will help the country in economic growth. The natural resources create more option and helps in growth of the economy. In Indonesia the one fourth of the manufacturing production was accounted by FDI during the period of 1990s. The Foreign direct investment created employment and developed the support of the suppliers and transferred technology. It also helped in generating more tax revenue for the government of Indonesia but it had a problem regarding the balance of payment. It impacted negatively on balance payment and it also caused continuous deficit in relation to manufacturing goods. Though FDI can help and bring positive changes in number of sectors and so it is not to be restricted. It can create technological advancement, help in growth of the economy, Improve the infrastructure of the country and thereby helping in overall growth of the company. These policies or reform that is being taken by the country are causing hindrance in its growth. The ban on raw material exports is one of the biggest problems the country is currently facing. The restriction of retail sales of liquor and they have also proposed a ban on sales of liquor in the parliament which is contributing in the decline of the economy. The country is high in natural resources. It is blessed with natural minerals. It is one of the largest thermal coal exporters in the world. The country is blessed mineral resources. They are the largest exporter of tin in the world (Dunning, J.H 2014). The coal that is found in Indonesia is low in sculpture which is good in nature and it can be found very close to the surface which makes it very easy to extract. Thereby the cost of extraction of the coal is very little in comparison to other countries where the coal can be found deep below the soil, where the extraction cost gets very high. Apart from coal Indonesia has great deposits of gold and silver which thereby makes it very rich in minerals (Visor et al, 2015). As there are active volcanoes in the country, the soil of Indonesia is very fertile and has many deposits which is high in natural minerals there by making the country high in natural resources. Apart from this Indonesia is situated in such an area that it helps them t o generate renewable energy. As the soil is extremely fertile in nature it helps to cultivate commodities of high value such as palm oil, coffee and rubber. These products are exported to different parts of the world and they fetch great revenue for the country. The country is trying to be as self-sufficient as possible thereby reducing their import and increasing their export so that they increase their revenue earning and gives away less revenue (Cairns and Slew, 2017). The country has large number of population and youth that can drive the country to a new economic height. The country has around a population of around 250 million and its growing every day. In the year 2009 the country has seen a growth of 4.9 % in gross domestic production, which is a substantial growth. As the country is self sufficient and most of the need of the country is fulfilled by the products of its own, in that case the country is fewer dependants on other. This will help the country in time of economic crisis. In case of any kind of economic cries faced by the world, in that case it won’t affect much on Indonesia (He et al, 2015). As the country achieves new growth each and every day the manufacturer in the country plays a greater role in satisfying the needs of the people. With the increase in gross domestic production and economy of the country the income level of the people of the country will also increase and this is a very positive point for the people who are in the middle income group or people who reside below the poverty level or lower income group (Hill and Kohpaiboon, 2017).The country will need to start production of the products which it is not producing currently at this moment such as smart phones or other technological products. The youth of the country is becoming technologically savvy and the manufacturing industry is also trying to understand the trend within the population of the country and acting accordingly (Nasution,   2014.). It is great news that more than 50% of the total population of the country is youth which is under the age of 30, which is great news for the country. Having a large base of youth for the country is very advantageous, this youth is technologically very upgraded which is a very important for the country. So the future of the country is promising unlike china where the percentage of the youth is very little as most of the population is aged due to their one child policy. The aim of Indonesia is change the economic condition of the country by the year 2030 and they have taken measures accordingly. They are making changes in their technological sectors, there workforce and also in their production. This will help in the transition of the economy of the country. If they will have a better workforce which is skilled and a manufacturing sector which is advanced and can fulfill the needs of the country, in that case they can achieve the economic growth they are looking for (He, 2015). The country has faced many political changes and transformation in the past years. The country is now the rule of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, who is the first Indonesian president who is elected by voting. The country has evolved in relation to the politics. They have a new and mature political structure, with the democratic rule the country has become more matured where each and every member of the country has a personal opinion, which that person can keep forward through his or her voting right. The political condition of the country has become much stable in nature. This political stability will help the country towards its economic growth (Bhat, 2017). Foreign direct investment will help the country in utilizing huge human resources which comprises a big number of youth. It will also bring in new technology which will create an advancement and growth in terms of technology. The economic condition of the country will get better. It will create jobs which help the individuals of the country in increasing their standard of living. Indonesia is a very rich country in terms of neural resources may that be coal, petroleum or timber and other resources but still they will need foreign direct investment, which can support the economic condition of the country and develop the economic condition of the people of the country. It will help the number of people living under the line of poverty to lead a life with better standard and economic condition. Aguiar, A., Narayanan, B. and McDougall, R., 2016. An overview of the GTAP 9 data base.  Journal of Global Economic Analysis,  1(1), pp.181-208. Bhat, M.G., 2017. Trade related intellectual property rights for genetic resources: Implications for developing countries. Cairns, G. and Sliwa, M., 2017.  A very short, fairly interesting and reasonably cheap book about international business. Sage. Dunning, J.H., 2014.  The Globalization of Business (Routledge Revivals): The Challenge of the 1990s. Routledge. He, J., 2015. Chinese public policy on fisheries subsidies: Reconciling trade, environmental and food security stakes.  Marine Policy,  56, pp.106-116. He, Q., Fang, H., Wang, M. and Peng, B., 2015. Trade liberalization and trade performance of environmental goods: evidence from Asia-Pacific economic cooperation members.  Applied Economics,  47(29), pp.3021-3039. Hill, H. and Kohpaiboon, A., 2017. 10 ‘Policies for industrial progress’, not ‘industry policy’.  Production Networks in Southeast Asia, p.202. Ikein, A.A., 2017. Nigeria oil & external exposure: the crude gains and crude pains of crude export dependence economy.  The Business & Management Review,  8(4), p.396. Larson, H.J., de Figueiredo, A., Xiahong, Z., Schulz, W.S., Verger, P., Johnston, I.G., Cook, A.R. and Jones, N.S., 2016. The state of vaccine confidence 2016: global insights through a 67-country survey.  EBioMedicine,  12, pp.295-301. Lustig, N., 2016. Inequality and Fiscal Redistribution in Middle Income Countries: Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Indonesia, Mexico, Peru and South Africa.  Journal of Globalization and Development,  7(1), pp.17-60. Nasution, A. ed., 2014.  Macroeconomic Policies in Indonesia: Indonesia Economy Since the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997. Routledge. Otoo, N., Awittor, E., Marquez, P. and Saleh, K., 2014. Universal Health Coverage for Inclusive and Sustainable Development: Country Summary Report for Ghana. Otoo, N., Awittor, E., Marquez, P. and Saleh, K., 2015. Universal Health Coverage for Boyer, R., 2016. Renewal of the diversity of capitalisms, tipping in international relations.  The Rejuvenation of Political Economy,  207, p.216. Ozawa, T., 2014.  Multinationalism, Japanese style: The political economy of outward dependency. Princeton University Press. Visser, M., Pisa, N.M., Kleynhans, E.P.J. and Wait, R., 2015. Identifying the comparative advantage of products and industries of South Africa’s Mpumalanga province.  Southern African Business Review,  19(2), pp.27-50

Hand hygiene Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Hand hygiene - Essay Example In this section I shall dwell on the advantages that re are associated with children in their Early Years interacting with the outdoor environment and the benefits that is brings to their development. From the literature review, it can be concluded that education in the Early Years is dependent on the outside space since it can be considered as a natural place for exploration, engagement and one that provides a motivation for learning. Active learning, exploring as well as creative thinking, enhances effective teaching and learning which are all influenced by the kind of environment that the education takes place in. Play forms a very important aspect as far as the development of children is concerned, their learning as well as their wellbeing and it is vital that the practitioners appreciate, value and maintain the play that is associated with children all through the Early Years (Lillemyr, 2009, p. 8). The provision of a good quality outdoor environment can affect the confidence that the children have as well as their independent learning but it should be noted that this is not a sole entity since it is comprised of various activities that have discrete purposes. From the interviews that were conducted with the practitioners, it was clear that outdoor play is advantageous since it basically allows the children that engage in it to have fun while playing while they engage and explore the natural environment and all this works towards their development. This natural setting develops the skills that the children have naturally while making them more confident in the things that they take part in as the grow. From the literature review, there is also the suggestion that the outdoor environment also provides chances that create an equilibrium between the structured activities that are guided by the adults and allowing the children to interact with their particular outdoor spaces. This enables the children to use their

Video Games Ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Video Games Ethics - Research Paper Example This essay stresses that farming is a practice when a player decides to performed a considerable number of some basic actions that will give one small reward; however, due to repetition, the amount of benefit that is accumulated is rather big. It is true that this practice also does not seem to violate ethics, but if one takes a close look, one will be able to notice that it undermines the very game play. For example, in experience based games, a person might develop one’s character in the early locations and the balance of the further play will be lost. In other words, while farming does not mean breaking the rules of the game, it surely does not follow the spirit of it, according to which the gradual development of the character of one’s abilities is an essential part of the game play. This paper makes a conclusion that video games ethics as well as real world ethics are different in a number of aspects. First of all, paying games is inseparably connected with necessity to perform certain actions and fulfill responsibilities. In real life this obligation is not as mandatory as in the virtual environment. Secondly, one should always keep in mind that it would not be logical to apply ethics with all its aspects to the actions which exist purely in the virtual world. In other words, gamer’s behavior in and outside the game might be different. This might be explained by the fact that while playing a game a person has to deal with issues that are rooted in fiction.

Fujiwara Clan and Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fujiwara Clan and Governance - Essay Example Although the history of japan is often illustrated by institutional progress, it has had some significant turning points. As such, japan has had a long interesting history. Archeological evidence implies that people have resided in the region since the prehistoric era. This vast history is divided into groups so as to make it more manageable. These periods often have varying lengths i.e. decades to centuries. The Fujiwara family dominated japan between794 to 1160. There is no record of a specific starting year of their dominance in the government. To ensure they ruled the state of japan, they made emperors to be just puppets. An increase in population, food production decline and competition for resources saw the decline of the Fujiwara family and other great families. These problems engineered the occurrence of various military disturbances. The Taira and Minamoto who were Fujiwara family members attacked each other over land issues. This led to the collapse of the Fujiwara family as they created rival regimes. The In no cho took over from the Fujiwara clan. They slowly replaced the Fujiwara court members by the Minamoto family. Unlike previous regimes where civil authority controlled the government, military might determine the strength of the government. Despite its eventual decline, the Fujiwara clan was very successful in governance as a result of the factors highlighted herein.

Explain how John Steinbeck promotes agonistic and secular humanism and Essay

Explain how John Steinbeck promotes agonistic and secular humanism and give examples in The Grapes of Wrath - Essay Example As a result the wages are pulled down and many go unemployed. Those who are lucky enough to be hired are exploited thoroughly. Although the novel is an indictment against the fallacy of capitalist utopia, it does not gravitate toward a Marxist position. To the extent that Steinbeck accepts bitter realities of life in the United States without resorting to political and economic ideologies is evidence for the agonist in the author. Moreover, by showcasing virtue and resilience in the face of adversity, Steinbeck hints at poverty's noble connotations, which resonates with the message of the Holy Bible. Strengthening the case for the novel's biblical inspirations, the name of one of the Joad family members is Rose of Sharon. But it would be simplistic to classify The Grapes of Wrath as a Christian novel, for it deals with universal human concerns and universal avenues for salvation. Steinbeck makes it clear that such salvation is not an event in afterlife, but one accessible during the course of life itself. The last scene of the story, where Rose of Sharon, upon seeing the miserable starvation of an old man, offers him her breast milk (which her stillborn baby could not have).

Management Functions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management Functions - Assignment Example It has refocused on offering low prices for their products, improved the mix of merchandise sold, and provided friendlier and quick customer service. The secret to this was the organization culture introduced by the company that encourages teamwork. Teams in the company get together to discuss performance and to help each other with the goals of improving performance (Barnaro, 2005). Staffing Staffing deals with managing the structure of the organization that ensures putting the right man on the right job. â€Å"Staffing involves managing the structures of the organization through doing proper selection, appraisals and personnel development to fill roles designed in the organization’s structure.† (George & Jerry, 1999, p.74). staffing includes manpower planning, recruitment and selection, training and development,compensation,performance appraisal and promotions and transfers.walmart ensures that it recruits employees who have the right qualifications for the positions that they hold.walmart also encourages diversity at the workplace by employing staff from different cultural backgrounds and minority groups. The company has Latinos, African-Americans, Asians and people with disability.walmart have over 1000 employees in their retail outlets in the U.S market. Controlling Controlling is the measurement of goals that have been accomplished against the set standards and correction of deviations that have occurred if any, to ensure organizational goals are achieved. Controlling is done to ensure that everything confirms to standards and having an effective system of control that can help in predicting deviations before they occur. controlling involves steps which include establishment of standard performance, measurement of actual performance,... This essay discusses the field of management, that is a process that involves several steps which starts with scanning the environment to analyze external threats facing the organization. This could be economic conditions, customers or competitors. Planning considers available and prospective physical and human resources in the organization in order to get effective contribution, coordination and perfect adjustment. in ensuring that they achieve their goal of developing cost structures that would enable the organization offer low prices,wal-mart strategies on replenishing their inventory using cross docking logistics technique. With this technique products are got from suppliers to wal-mart warehouses, they are then shipped to store in the shortest time period possible. The researcher mentions that Troy argues that Wal-Mart has concentrated on developing and advancing a highly structured supply chain management to enhance their competitive advantage in the market. These functions of planning,staffing,controlling,organizing and directing helps in achieving group goals, ensures optimum utilization of resources and reduces costs through minimum input by proper planning and using minimum input and getting maximum output. In conclusion, it could be stated that they help in establishing a sound organization, establishing equilibrium and they are essentials’ for prosperity of society, in that efficient management leads to better economic production which increases the welfare of the people.

Write a proposal up to 4,000 words in length to start a business of Assignment

Write a proposal up to 4,000 words in length to start a business of your choice - Assignment Example The business will be located along the busy Oxford Street on the western end of London city. The location has been found to be favorable for the business because it is very busy and is frequented by visitors including tourists drawn from all over the world. London city has also been found to be the best for this type of business because it is one of the fastest growing cities in the U.K., and presently has a population of over 8 million people according to the latest population census. The number is also projected to grow in the near future thereby favoring a coffee industry. The premises where the business is to be located has been acquired by owners through a ten-year lease but with the possibility of extension. The analysis of the location established that the business major competitor is found half a mile way. However, the owners intend to provide quality prepared products, services, and fair prices in order to build customer loyalty and compete favorably in the industry. London Coffee will strive to establish a peculiar and comfortable place where its customers can freely meet and socialize as they enjoy the best-prepared coffee in London. The environment will be established in a manner that promotes relaxation by ensuring that the rooms are well equipped with soft music plays at the background, as well as rooms fitted with television where customers can watch their preferred programs as they socialize. In addition, the restaurant through its teams of experts will ensure that customers receive the best customer experience and products of high quality. The owners also understand that the key to better performance lies on satisfaction level of its employees and other stakeholders. In this regard, London Coffee intends to invest significant part of its profits in areas that improves satisfaction of its workers. London Coffee also intends to ensure that the environment is adequately protected and concerned through its

Ethical Issues with Hacking Essay Example for Free

Ethical Issues with Hacking Essay There is a new crime on the verge of being on Americas top ten crimes list, computer hacking. Computer hacking is the practice of unlawfully gaining access to and sometimes tampering with information in a computer system. Since the cyber age, the use of computers has slowing integrated into most of societys everyday life and since then new crimes have emerged as a result of this age. The access of information readily available at the click of a button, can be very enticing to unlawfully acquire, but the companies who hold this important information has a duty to keep all files and information safeguarded. As a result of the cyber age, no longer are there just mundane crimes in America such as murder or assault. There has been a new crime wave, crimes of technologies. Cyber crimes are now listed in the top leading crimes of today. Out of the top ten crimes in America during 2012, computer related crimes were at number seven and number ten. Seven being computer theft, and ten being identity theft, with computer hacking rising on that list daily. With careful planning and updated online security, cyber crimes such as, hacking can be decreased. According to the New York Times, they said that, new security protocols and stronger firewalls, which monitor computer networks for suspicious traffic, could help to deter a person from hacking. Security experts say companies must also adapt their security systems to protect against attacks through smartphones and tablet computers. Although such mobile devices increase convenience for workers, they essentially a create a new door into the network, which then needs its own security watchdogs. A company is committed to keeping all the information as private as possible. When a person decides to hack into a companys database, email or website, they are not only putting their self at risk, but everyone involved will be negatively effected. The company who got hacked will most likely be publicized and their confidentiality of their patients information has now been corrupted. Lawsuits can follow for the company or the individual hacker if they get caught and it could also be very damaging for the individual who might have gotten their information hacked in the process. Policy Position Companies and their employees have a duty to uphold a certain standards when dealing with the consumers personal and private information. Dell has outlined some preventive steps that can be taken on a company and a personal level to prevent hackers from infiltrating a computer networking system. Among these steps are the following: Education- Hackers aren’t the only ones who can gain power from information. By educating yourself and employees about the types of scams that exist on the Internet and how to avert them, you are putting yourself one step ahead of the cyber criminals. Use a firewall- Firewalls monitor traffic between your computer or network and the Internet and serve as a great first line of defense when it comes to keeping intruders out. Use comprehensive security software and keep your system updated- Because hackers have a wide variety of ways to access your system and information, you need comprehensive security software that can protect you from all angles. Secure your wireless network- Hackers can access data while it’s in transit on an unsecured wireless network. You can keep the hackers out by enabling the firewall on your router and changing the router’s administrator password. î€Å' Use strong passwords- Although it may be easier for you to remember short passwords that reference your birthday, or pet’s name, these kinds of passwords also make it easy for hackers. Strong passwords can go a long way in helping secure your information. According to the FBI, â€Å"the threat that criminal hackers pose to corporate and government information systems has spiked in the past five years.† Stakeholders including the company, employees and customers have the right to know about privacy-laws and should know that any information that is gained unlawfully and shared with the public comes with major consequences. Stakeholders must know what is at stake when information is compromised. Upon being hired an employee must know their companys policy regarding information that can be disclosed. An employee has the duty to take actions based on ethical standards that must be known and recognized by all who are involved. â€Å"In Maryland, accessing and telling the world about another persons personal information is an invasion of privacy that may make the hacker liable for money damages to the victim.† (Lawyers.com, 2013) You, an employee, a hacker and the company has the duty to respect privacy of information and action. â€Å"A person who violates subsection (c)(1) of this section is guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction is subject to imprisonment not exceeding 3 years or a fine not exceeding $1,000 or both.† (2010 Maryland Code CRIMINAL LAW. TITLE 7, section 7-302) Other customers of that company may feel their privacy information and action should be respected by others. The other customers feel like the customer has a duty to them to uphold their privacy and not share it with third parties or other people they did not give permission. Bottom line is that companies have the same problems with theft of intellectual property and personal information just as much as everyone else, but we expect more from them to keep their customers information secure. Privacy-laws are put in place for people can abide by those laws. Stakeholders must act in an ethical and moral manner when it concerns intellectual property, because if not, everyone can be negatively effected is this policy is not followed. REFERENCES Right of Publicity: Overview. (2013). Retrieved Feb 1, 2013, from http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/publicity Email Hacking is a Serious Crime. POSTED IN Privacy Law BY Lawyers.com (2013). Retrieved Feb 2, 2013, from http://communications-media.lawyers.com/privacy-law/Email-Hacking-Is-A-Serious-Crime.html Computer Intrusions. (2013). Retrieved Feb 9, 2013, from http://www.fbi.gov/aboutus/investigate/cyber/computer-intrusions 2010 Maryland Code CRIMINAL LAW. TITLE THEFT AND RELATED CRIMES Subtitle 3 Crimes Involving Telecommunications and Electronics Section 7-302 Unauthorized access to computers and related material. (2010). Retrieved Jan 31, 2013, from http://law.justia.com/codes/maryland/2010/criminal-law/title-7/subtitle-3/7-302/ Object1 https://docs.google.com/viewer? a=vq=cache:IDTKbmw6TzwJ:www.dell.com/downloads/ca/support/top_10_steps_to_protect_agains t_cybercrime_dell_en.pdf+steps+to+deter+hacking %2Bdellhl=engl=uspid=blsrcid=ADGEESj9mmGDd6D6c0Lbe5C-q06ZyXHh2rVmleQtWvkHTrRrt5ws07evPDNcipr3HEDdwBwcvOqq3zQVevNqmb1ae6A17RjPOoi7eGQd K_RmrRb4d_xO57dfK5Y-8FYICKa1UG8PV9isig=AHIEtbRvNOTu6CU5StjeP3LyY_Q_a0WyBQ Drew, C., Kopytoff, V. (2011). Deploying New Tools to Stop the Hackers. Retrieved Feb 8, 2013, from http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/18/technology/18security.html?pagewanted=all_r=0

Evidence Between Offending And Social Class

Evidence Between Offending And Social Class This essay will outline and critically evaluate the main evidence supporting an association between offending, victimisation and social class, using criminological theories such as Strain Theory and Labelling theory to demonstrate this. Social class in relation to offending and victimisation is an extremely broad area, taking this and the words limit into account this essay will specifically focus on offending and Victimisation of the lower classes in society. Class was originally defined by Karl Marx in relation to the means of production where he described two main classes the bourgeoisie the owning class and the proletariat the workers who were exploited by capitalism (Giddens, 2001). His theory has been heavily scrutinised and class is now seen as more flexible than Marx first interoperated taking into account; income, wealth and status and in addition to this culture and patterns of consumption (Giddens, 2001). In contemporary society class is based on a complex model where defined by occupation however this leads to the victimisation of the lower classes and low income families especially in respect of stereotypes regarding criminality (Croall, 1998). The stereotype of the Dangerous class arose in Victorian times as a reaction to the crime rates. The lower classes were depicted by the middle and upper classes as idle and lazy, would rather live off the proceeds of crime than do a hard days labour (Elmsley, 1996). This stereotype lives on to present day with the common belief that the lower classes the underclass are the main offenders in relation to criminal behaviour (Croall, 1998). The underclass has been defined by Giddens (2001) as a group at the bottom of society, who suffers from severe inequalities in health, education and lives off the welfare system which results in difficulties conforming to the economic, social and political norms of society which are predominantly middle class. Murray ((1990) cited in Walklate (2003)) suggests that members of the underclass are not only defined by their behaviour and unemployment status but also their involvement in crime and their illegitimacy. Durkheims theory of anomie suggests that the lack of opportunity that the underclass has consequently resulting in criminality and deviance (Marsh, Melville, Morgan, Norris, Walkington, 2006). This theory of Anomie was taken further by Merton (1910-2003) who suggested that people from more deprived areas had less change of achieving social, economic and personal growth (Marsh et al, 2006). Their opportunity is obstructed by the area they live, poverty, literacy, cultural background and which puts a strain on their ability to achieve economic status and wealth (Marsh et al, 2006). This form of Anomie theorised by Merton is Called Strain Theory which accounts for the inability for people from deprived areas to achieve their goals of status and wealth by legal means (Newburn, 2007). This therefore suggests a reason for the shift to criminality and also gives reason for the high numbers of offenders from this class (Giddens, 2001). This can also be explained by the by David Gordon a political economist who believes crime in capitalist society represents perfectly rational responses to the structure of institutions upon which capitalist societies are based meaning that due to the strain in striving for greatness and wealth people from lower classes gain their wealth through unconventional means (Reiner, 2004). Offending occurs in all social classes however, the majority of convictions occur from the lower classes of society in involving crimes such as robbery, theft, burglary and joyriding. White collar crime on the other hand is generally seen by society as crime of the middle and upper classes this may be due to accessibility the middle/upper classes have to commit fraud or exploitation of health and safety laws and with a very low conviction rate this reflecting in the crime statistics (Croall, 1998). This gives an unfair representation of crime and victimises the lower classes in society (Croall, 1998). The majority of convicted offenders are to from lower class background committing crimes of robbery, theft, burglary and crimes against property (Muncie McLaughlin, 2001) The British Crime Survey (2008/09 [online]) suggests that fifty percent of crime recorded by the police was robbery, theft, burglary, and crimes against property compared with three percent of fraud and forgery. Marsh et al (2006) suggests that Merton and Cohen see crime as a reaction to inequality and there is a common cause for such behaviours such as social influence by family, friends, peers and social background (Newburn, 2007:486). This is reflected in the offences that these prisoners have been charges with such as theft and burglary (Muncie et al, 2001). Eighty percent of offenders are male under twenty one, in prison there is an overwhelming majority of these offenders from lower classes and ethnic minorities who have been raised in deprived areas of society (Muncie et al, 2001). These statistics reflect the willingness of the government to criminalise these offenders, disregarding the deprivation and inequality that has lead to their criminality (Muncie et al, 2001). Mertons Strain theory suggests that there is a strain on the ability to achieve wealth through conventional educational means, therefore there is a need to partake in criminality to gain this wealth and status and through the participation in crime there is an increased probability in the use of drugs (Muncie et al, 2001). This was studied further by Dunlap et al ((2002) cited in Newburn 2007:486) where he investigated the lives of four generations of women from low income backgrounds, who had been sexually assaulted, violent attacked and taken drugs over their life time learning these behaviours as social norms this consequently lead to the next generation having the same fate. Victimisation occurs across the whole of society however, according to Felson Boba (2010) it is predictable and is grouped together in areas especially those of deprivation. According to the Criminal Victimisation by Family Income Study (2000) the poorest families in America were subject to three times more crime than the richest (Reiman, 2004). There are specific groups in society who are more prone to victimisation the British Crime survey (2008/09 [online]) suggest that such as; young people especially males aged 16-24 have a thirteen percent chance of being a victim of crime; unemployed have a seven percent chance, single also have a seven percent chance, ethnic minorities have a seven percent chance and people who have already been a victim of crime are more likely to fall victim again (Maguire, Morgan Reiner, 2002). In addition to this the poor are more likely to be victims of unfair working conditions according to Tombs (1999) cited in Croall (2001:74)) Safety is related to vulnerability and these groups are elderly, poor and young, miss sale of financial products due to lack of education, the adverse affects of white collar crimes such as the dumping of harmful waste in third world countries (Croall, 2001). Howard Becker (Cited in Giddens, 2001) suggests that Labelling theory can account for the victimisation of specific subcultures Anthony Platt (1969 cited in Lilly, Cullen Ball, 2007) suggests that labelling theory is biased and is aimed at helping the poorer classes attain middle class values. Croall (1998) proposes that the police play a part in the victimisation of the lower classes as they are more likely to suspect someone from a lower class background of offending due to the area in which they reside. The theory of labelling as self-fulfilling prophecy suggests that victimisation can occur of the lower classes due to society labelling them as delinquent (Lilly et al, 2007). This can happen if they are seen to associate with someone who is criminal or dresses in a way that can be perceived as delinquent this subsequent labelling could enforce conformity however, it could also push the person from social norms into criminality (Lilly et al, 2007). In conclusion this essay has outlined offending in relation to Mertons Strain Theory suggesting that there is a strain on the lower classes to achieve wealth through conventional educational means, therefore there is a need to partake in criminality (Muncie et al, 2001). Felson Boba (2010) said crime is predictable and is grouped together in areas especially those of deprivation the British Crime survey (2008/09 [online]) suggest that such as; young people especially males aged 16-24; unemployed, single, ethnic minorities and people who have already been a victim of crime are more likely to fall victim again (Maguire, Morgan Reiner, 2002). The theory of labelling as self-fulfilling prophecy suggests that victimisation can occur in the lower classes due to society labelling them as delinquent, this subsequent labelling in some cases can enforce conformity, however, it can also push the person from social norms into criminality (Lilly et al, 2007). Society appears to criminalise thes e offenders, disregarding the deprivation and inequality which has lead to the offending in the first place this consequently leads to the victimisation and labelling of the lower classes (Muncie et al, 2001).

Sound Waves Essay -- physics acoustics sound

What is a sound wave? A sound wave is produced by a mechanical vibration, such as a tuning fork. The vibrating object causes the surrounding medium, such as air, to vibrate as well.The wave travels through the medium to a detector, like your ear, and it is heard.As with any type of wave, a sound wave is also described by it's wavelength, amplitude, period, and frequency. WAVELENGTH is the distance from one point on the wave, to the next identical point, or the length of one part of the wave. AMPLITUDE is the distance from the midpoint to the place of maximum displacement. FREQUENCY is the number of cycles that occur in one second. It is also the inverse of the period. PERIOD is the time it takes for a wave to complete one full cycle. It is also the inverse of frequency. Sound waves are longitudinal waves that consist of high and low pressure areas called condensations and rarefactions, respectively. Since sound waves are longitudinal waves, the particles of the medium oscillate parallel to the velocity of the wave. The individual particles do not travel along the wave. They only oscillate back and forth and the wave still propagates through them. The speed of sound depends on the type of medium that the wave is traveling through. In air, the speed of sound is about 340 m/s or 760 mph for a normal spring day. The speed also depends on the temperature of the medium. The formula used to figure out the speed of sound, in air, on any given day is; v = 331 m/s + 0.6T where v is the velocity of the wave, T is the temperature of the air in degrees celcius, 331 m/s is the speed of sound at 0Â °C, and 0.6 is just a constant. So as the temperature increases, so does the speed o... ...99. Health Issue of the Month: Middle Ear Infection. March 1999. 12 Apr. 2003. Sight and Hearing Association. Hecht, Eugene. Physics: Algebra / Trig. 2nd ed. Brooks/Cole, 1998. Henderson, Tom. Sound Waves and the Eardrum. 17 Aug 1998. 10 Apr 2003. Kurtus, Ron. Sound Waves. 18 Feb 2002. 10 Apr 2003. Russel, Dr. Dan. Longitudinal and Transverse Wave Motion. 12 Apr 2003. Serway, Raymond A. and Robert J Beichner. Physics for Scientists and Engineers. 5th ed. Brooks/Cole, 2000.

All Quiet on the western front :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All Quiet on the Western Front is narrated by Paul Baumer. He is a young man of nineteen who fights in the German army on the French front in World War I. Unlike most during that time period, Paul and several of his friends and classmates from school joined the army voluntarily. They joined after listening to nationalistic speeches told to them by their schoolmaster, Kantorek   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  But after experiencing ten weeks of atrocious basic training at the hands of the small-minded, vindictive Corporal Himmelstoss and the inconceivable cruelty of life on the front lines. Paul and his comrades realize that the ideals that made them enlist are merely empty clichà ©s. They no longer believe that war is magnificent or respectable, and they live in unceasing physical terror that each day that goes may be their last. When Paul’s company receives a short reprieve after two weeks of fighting at the front lines, only eighty men of the original 150-man company return from the front. The cook , Ginger, doesn’t want to give the survivors the rations that were meant for the dead men He insists that he is only allowed to distribute single rations and that the dead soldiers’ rations will simply have to go to waste but eventually gives in.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paul and his friends visit Franz Kemmerich, a former classmate who has recently had a leg removed after contracting gangrene. Kemmerich is in the process of dying, and Mà ¼ller, another former classmate, wants Kemmerich’s yellow boots for himself. Paul doesn’t consider Mà ¼ller insensitive because like the other soldiers, Mà ¼ller simply realizes sensibly that Kemmerich is no longer in need of his boots. Not very long after this meeting, Paul returns to Kemmerich’s bedside just as he is about to die. At Kemmerich’s request, Paul takes his boots to Mà ¼ller.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Twenty-five younger men arrive as reinforcements. Paul believes Kat is the most resourceful soldier he knows, always able to scrounge up food. The men learn Himmelstoss is coming up to the front. Tjaden especially hates the Corporal because of his cruel punishment for Tjaden's bed-wetting problem. For vengeance, Paul and his friends ambushed and beat Himmelstoss before they left for the front. The soldiers are sent to put up barbed wire at the front. At night, during an artillery bombardment, the soldier dive for cover. The men set up the wire. Soon the artillery attacks them. Several men are hit, as well as horses.

The Merchant Of Venice - Jews :: Free Merchant of Venice Essays

William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice contains many examples that insult Jews because they were the minority in London in Shakespeare’s time. Although many parts of the play could be interpreted as offensive in modern times, Elizabethan audiences found them comical. The majority of London’s population at the time was anti-Semitic because there were very few Jews living there. Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice supports anti-Semitism actions and thoughts and therefore proves that Shakespeare was an anti-Semite. In the second act, Launcelot is debating with himself whether or not he should seek a new employer. Launcelot’s problem is that he works for Shylock, who is Jewish. Launcelot persuades himself that, â€Å"Certainly the Jew [Shylock] is the very devil incarnation†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (2.2.24) Eventually, Launcelot convinces himself that he would much rather run away than be ruled by a Jew. Launcelot presents this argument to his father: â€Å"I am a Jew if I serve the Jew any longer.† (2.2.104) Before Launcelot accepts a new job with Bassanio as his master, he is reminded that Bassanio is much poorer than Shylock. His reply to Bassanio was, â€Å"You have the grace of / God, sir, and he [Shylock] hath enough.† (2.2.139-40) Lorenzo insults Shylock behind his back when he tells Jessica (Shylock’s daughter) that if Shylock ever makes it to heaven, it is only because Jessica converted to Christianity. Lorenzo said, â€Å"If e’er the Jew her father come to heaven, / It will be for his gentle daughter’s sake†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (2.4.36-7) When Lorenzo says this, he is implying that Shylock’s faith and his Jewish heritage is not strong enough to get him into heaven. Lorenzo says that if Shylock is saved, it is by his Jessica’s sake, because she has chosen Christianity over Judaism. This statement implies that Lorenzo believes that Christianity is the religion that is powerful enough to admit one into heaven; therefore Lorenzo is biased against anyone that is not a Christian, such as Shylock the Jew. Later in the play Jessica is insulted by Launcelot. Launcelot believes that parents’ sins are passed down to their children. He also believes that being Jewish is a sin. Launcelot frankly tells Jessica his opinion of her: â€Å"For truly I think you are damned.† (3.5.5) He explains that she is damned by both her father and mother because she was born Jewish. Launcelot tells Jessica that her only hope is that, â€Å"Your father got / you not--that you are not the Jew’s daughter.

Declaration of Independence vs. Gettysburg Address Essay

The Declaration of Independence and the Gettysburg Address are glimpses into America’s history. They were written in two different time periods: America’s first years in 1776 and the Civil War in the 1800’s. Despite their time gap, they are similar because they both explain to the reader what is going on during their time period. However, the country was going through different events and so these two documents are diverse as well. Both The Declaration of Independence and the Gettysburg Address were written during times of turmoil and change for the country. Both occurred during a time of war in which America was fighting for liberty and freedoms. During the Revolutionary War, the United States was trying to become â€Å"a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal†. It was battling for independence and the right to govern them in a way that would actually benefit the country and its people. So in 1776 when The Declaration of Independence was written, the country fought for freedom for themselves. During the Civil War, the country was divided in two, one half of the country fighting against the other half. They were independent as a country, but this time they were fighting for freedom for others—the African-American slaves. In a way though, America was fighting for equality both times. The first was equal treatment for the British citizens and American colonists. The second time, the country was fighting for equal treatment for all men, no matter what skin color. Both these eras were a time of testing for the United States. The Revolutionary War period determined whether the states would actually be able to achieve independence. The Civil War was a test to see if America would be able to keep that independence. President Abraham Lincoln spoke about this in his Gettysburg Address: â€Å"we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure†. These two documents are similar because they are both written about a time of battle which tested America’s strength. The Declaration of Independence and Gettysburg Address are different for several reasons. For one, The Declaration of Independence is a statement while the Gettysburg Address was a speech. The authors were also targeting different audiences. The Declaration of Independence was written mostly for themselves, but also for the British government. The Declaration stated the sentiments of the thirteen colonies and â€Å"the causes which impel them to the separation†. This clarified where the people stood in regards to their independence. This was for the benefit and organization of the country, but also for the British to know that the Americans were not giving up on independence. The Gettysburg Address was a speech given by President Abraham Lincoln to the people of America. The Civil War was not an international conflict, but rather one inside the nation. The speech was aimed for encouraging and touching the hearts of the American people. Lincoln wanted them to not give up on the cause they were fighting for, but â€Å"to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us†. In the Gettysburg Address, the president was appealing to the people’s emotions in order to boost their war effort. This is another difference it has with The Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independence appealed to the British government about rights that the people ought to have. The tone of the Gettysburg Address is more personal since Lincoln’s goal was to encourage the people. Lincoln achieves a personal tone by speaking about the brave men who fought in the recent battle. The Declaration of Independence, on the other hand, was written as a political document with a formal tone. It lists the main reasons why the people were demanding independence, which were mostly due to Great Britain’s offenses against the colonies. The Declaration of Independence and the Gettysburg Address are very distinct because they were appealing to different audiences and written in different tones. The Declaration of Independence and the Gettysburg Address have several similarities and differences. Although they were written during different time periods, they both fight for liberty, freedom, and equality. However, the two documents, one a statement and the other a letter, were targeted at different audiences. This results in differing tones. One thing similar, both documents were written with a courage and passion for the goal it was fighting for.

Communication Barriers Essay

â€Å"So the whole war is because we can’t talk to each other,† Orson Scott Card. Ineffective communication is a major risk when working in health care. Both speaker and listener need to be in agreement about the message transmitted between each other. There are many factors that influence the way we communicate, and the intended message may not be understood. A person’s gender, sexual orientation, race and ethnicity, age, culture, language, economic status, stereotypes, regional differences and noise are several barriers to effective communication. For communication to be effective, everyone needs to be responsible for clear communication, endeavoring to send and receive clear messages with as little distortion as possible. What is communication? Communication is a process involving several steps, among two or more people, for the primary purpose of exchanging information. It takes place when people interact in both verbal and nonverbal conversations. To get the point across to a person that is going to be involved in the conversation the information must pass through various channels. There are different steps required to get any information across. The first step is to transmit your idea or message. This begins with the source or the originator of an idea. The source takes this idea and puts it into a code and then transmits this message through a channel. The channel is a means by which the message is expressed, and there is a variety of channels that can be used. Various channels include phone, face to face, text messages, emails, and even Twitter. Next the receiver takes the message and interprets the code, or decodes it. Once this is done the receiver responds or gives feedback. The message or code can be misinterpreted due to noise or barriers.  Communication barrier is what makes communication complex, difficult, and sometimes frustrating. Communication barriers can have a large impact on getting the message across. People tend to erect barriers hindering their ability to  communicate. Physical barriers are defined as the specific area of transmission of communication. There are various kinds of physical barriers like the presence of closed office doors, separator screens, specified cabins, cubes, workstations, sections for people of different status and task or anything that physically separates people from one another. In organizations, physical barriers can be effective in the overall spread of the message. With a variety of checks and a strong platform, they can avoid encroachment of strangers and create cohesive teams.  Emotional barriers are related to the emotions of both the source and receiver. A person’s emotions can have a great effect on their message. When various emotions are involved, the message could be no more than an emotional outburst. People will focus on these emotions rather than focus on the message. The challenge is to examine and evaluate emotional barriers in communication and focus on what the other person is saying. Cultural barriers are created when people of a different culture communicate. When they communicate there is a tendency to share less information than those of our cultural heritage. Translating messages into words and behaviors is based on a person’s cultural background and is not the same for each person. Culture is a combination of various formative influences placed on us as we grow up. The major factors in this development of culture are religion, caste, creed, nationality, social status, values, beliefs and many such elements. Cultural elements have their big role to play when a person participates in communication. When someone becomes a part of a group and become attached to it, sooner or later, they get adapted to that group in terms of the cultural code of the group. Intercultural communication occurs when people who have different cultural traditions start a conversation. In order for you to have an error-free communication, you need to study and understand the cu ltural differences of your receiver as well. Technological advancements have made the communication process far more speedy, accurate and smooth. The development of smart phones and computers has made communication more comfortably accessible. All business practitioners and modern managers understand the importance of multidimensional moving of communication at multi-location stations traveling through innumerous ways of channels and mediums. In the  circumstances, when the whole social-networking and business functioning depends on technological tools of communication, it becomes highly significant to operate these tools ensuring that they 14 The IUP Journal of Soft Skills, Vol. VI, No. 3, 2012 are error-free. On the contrary, devices are electronic systems and they keep facing errors now and then, causing unpredictable communication errors in terms of its delivery to the desired end. Sometimes even the accuracy of these gadgets is questioned. The more we depend on these technological tools, the higher the chances are of getting error harms involved in the process. Sometimes, poor signals or unreceivable frequency of the transmitted messages cause trouble in getting those downloaded or decoded, resulting and leading to the failure of accurate message delivery, and sometimes it becomes tougher to ensure even its partial delivery to anyhow run the activity. Devices like cell phones, Internet and various other technological applications keep facing such errors depriving us of comfortable transaction and transmission of messages. Such system failures and its non-competing performance as desired by the sender or receiver lead to technological noises. The world of language is full of variety and pleasing choices. In a country of various languages like India, language keeps slightly changing every fifty miles. In the southern part of India, organizations prefer the regional language of communication, while this practice is not found in the northern region of India. Language is a highly important tool to describe our opinion, likes and dislikeness, preferences, thoughts, and ideas while communicating. It is always important to ensure that the language of the sender and the receiver is the same for a successful transmission of communication, but most of the time, language proves to be a potential barrier in the course of communication. Gender Barriers Gender has its own specified impact on the pattern of communication. As has been observed by the researchers, a woman uses approximately 25,000 words a day while talking, whereas a man uses around 10,000 words. As per the various medical reports, the speech ability of girls begins far earlier than boys. There are certain things that the girls cannot express due to gender barrier what boys can do and vise versa. The physiognomy of the boy and girl is responsible for language ability differences. The reason for  this lies in the neuronal wiring of a man’s and woman’s brains. The communication model of man remains linear, logical and sectioned, while woman’s expression is a combination of logic and emotion. Normally, during an interaction, woman uses different types of words while explaining any incident, and man uses a different set of words while explaining and describing the same incident. This difference is majorly because of the gender barrier. Interpersonal Barriers Interpersonal barriers comprise differences between the source and the receiver. There may be multiple differences between the encoder and decoder which result either in failure or partial delivery of meaning or content. The success ratio of communication is far higher when the person who communicates and the person who receives it are Comprehensive Modeling of Communication Barriers: A Conceptual Framework 15 on similar wavelength in terms of language, understanding and both ensure alike interpretation of the message in question. The lesser the interpersonal gap, the stronger the chances of communication success. Noise Barrier Noise is an external factor which causes interruption in the flow of communication. There are various types of noises available in the environment blocking the communication flow fully or partially. The major types of noises are discussed in detail in Figure 3. Description of Components of the Model Communication Noise Communication is an intricate process which encompasses various ideal conditions for the message to pass through successfully from the sender to the receiver. The factor of noise is very important, as it has been given due representation in almost all the communication models propounded by various researchers. In communication models, noise interference occurs during the decoding process of messages transmitted over a channel by an encoder. There are many examples of noise, and some major noise problems have been discussed in the comprehensive model of noise barriers in Figure 3. Environmental Noise According to Adler (1991), since we are constantly bombarded with more stimuli than we can absorb and more perceptions than we can keep track of, we only perceive those images that may be meaningful. We group perceived images into familiar categories that help to simplify our environment, which become the basis for our interpretations and allow us to function in an otherwise overly complex world. Environmental noise majorly springs from physical disturbances causing disruptions and creating problems in the smooth flow of communication from one point to another. For example, it is highly difficult to listen or understand the message if the speaker transmits communication from a noisy place like near the loud speaker during party/celebration. Sometimes, it becomes very difficult to respond over the phone or to a person nearby communicating with you if you are at the railway platform or a bus stand as these places are known for high decibels. Physiological Noise Physiological reasons are also effective noise barriers in the communication process. In this category, biological reasons like physical maladies that prevent effective communication, such as actual deafness or blindness are also taken into account. Sometimes intricate problems in clear utterance also cause physiological barriers in the process of communication. In this category, all those physical deficiencies or impairment causing obstruction to clear and smooth flow of communication are taken into account. Psychological Noise The psychology of the source communicator and receiver has its inevitable influence on the process of communication. The final shape of a thought or opinion does undergo structural changes based on the psychology of the person who communicates. The psychology is such an important factor that it sometimes makes the opinion of one person appear differently to the others. Our psychology consists of perception, attitude, vision, experiences, feelings and emotions, including various experiential amalgamations collected from our childhood to adulthood. The psychological metamorphosis is an ongoing process. The communication pattern and the contextual value of it are very much demonstrations of one’s psychology. Similarity of a  psychological approach solves this noise barrier to some extent. Difference in psychology between the sender and receiver magnifies the complexity of psychological noise. Specific mental condition can influence communication. For example, the mood of communicator or receiver naturally influences psychological noise and sometimes severely hampers effective communication. Cultural Noise â€Å"As we are different from others in various areas so is our culture. While language and communication systems are part of the culture, and language has often been used as a proxy for culture, the overlap between language and culture is only partial. For example, Comprehensive Modeling of Communication Barriers: A Conceptual Framework 17 Spanish speakers come from a variety of countries with distinct cultures† (Del Pinal and Singer, 1997). Cultural differences cause cultural noises. Taken-for-granted assumptions most of the time cause misunderstanding. Stereotypical assumptions can be potential contributors of cultural noise. Diversity of culture and cultural background is the mother source of noises of this category. Organizational Noise The most significant activity of any organization is a constant flow of communication in multi-directed locations internally and externally. Communication is a constant happening in organizations in various structures, formats and modes channelized at various hierarchical levels. The possibility of lapses in communication always remains very high and needs to be given due care and attention through continuous monitoring. The most common directional flow of communication in the organization is upward and downward. But the horizontal flow is also the integral part of the process. In the cross-functional movement of communication, the poorly structured messages do create a lot of troubles. If a message is poorly crafted by the higher-ups, it might create confusion and improper decoding of the intended meaning. Such types of instances are considered as organizational noise. Syntactical Noise Grammar of any language is the base framework to provide a structure to our  thoughts and expressions. But converting thoughts at a fast pace and applying suitable grammatical structure to it and ensuring correctness while speedily interacting and exchanging sentences, whether verbal or written, may be difficult at times. Molding thoughts into sentences and at once following the appropriate grammatical pattern is a very intricate process, and sometimes the user of a language does not have the efficiency or dexterity required to do so effectively. For example, when any incident is described by a communicator, he might commit mistakes in altering tenses at a fast pace, which results in syntactical noise. Mistakes in grammar can disrupt communication, leading to syntactical noise. Semantic Noise Most of the times, words have more than one meaning. The context of the interaction also prefixes the preciseness of the meaning of a particular word. Each one of us, as a communicator, has got his own style of using different words in different contexts. Sometimes the meaning of a word is presumed but it is not the intended meaning. Adler (1991) commented that â€Å"misinterpretation can be caused by inaccurate perceptions of a person or situation that arise when what actually exists is not seen. It can be caused by an inaccurate interpretation of what is seen; that is, by using my meanings to make sense out of your reality†. Thus, the variety of interpretations causes semantic noise in the communication process. 18 The IUP Journal of Soft Skills, Vol. VI, No. 3, 2012 Conclusion Communication is an integral and underlying element in any relation, whether personal, social, professional, global or business. Communication is the key factor that helps any business to progress substantially. The advent of new technologies has ensured the availability of efficient tools of communication through which the percolation of message, sending and receiving, has become much faster. Even then, dependence on electronic gadgets begets new system errors, either haulting the communication process or transmitting it inaccurately or after much delay. There are innumerable factors which may disrupt the communication flow, and these disruptions are known as potential barriers or various types of noises causing unexpected interruptions. The models displayed in the paper are rich resources to  monitor the active zones where the barriers might occur and can cause difficulty in the delivery of the message intended. The proposed models describe the barriers in the overall communication process and the respective points at which the probabilities of such disruptions are higher. No doubt, the barriers create complexity, difficulty and interruptions in communication, but the suggested model will naturally help in understanding such undesired occurrences. The conceptual framework does provide an exhaustive understanding of such complex situations caused by barriers and noises and shows how to remove them from the path of communication flow to enjoy constant and accurate flow of communication from one to another or many. Hahn Gail (2007), The Communication Coach II, Coloring Outside the Lines. Palazzolo Sam (September 2008), â€Å"Influential Communication†, available at http:/ /findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5286/is_20080901/ai_n28118653. Accessed on November 1, 2014 . Sanchez Nick (September 2008), â€Å"Communications Process†, available at http:// web.njit.edu/~lipuma/352comproc/comproc.htm. Accessed on November 2, 2014

Mr Know All Essay

There are two aspects which influence the content of a novel. They are the extrinsic elements and the intrinsic elements (Sukada, 1987 : 47). Extrinsic elements are the elements comes from of literary work such as the elements of history, social and culture, psychology, religion and philosophy. Intrinsic elements are the whole elements which make up structure of literary work such as plot, setting, theme, character, style, etc. this case, the writer will talk about the aspect of intrinsic elements in a novel which are theme, plot, setting, and character. It is a little hard to analyze the intrinsic elements in a novel, because many experts have different opinion to define which included to the intrinsic elements. (1987 : 54- 57). Gave some experts idea to define the intrinsic elements. 1. Jakob sumardjo stated that the intrinsic elements are: plot, character, theme, setting, atmosphere, style, and point of view. 2. Wellek & Warren stated that the intrinsic elements are: plot, character, setting, world view, tone. 3. Taylor (1988 : 2) the intrinsic elements are: plot, character, setting, theme, and point of view. The writer chooses Sumardjo’s idea which will be analyzed, some of those elements, there are theme, plot, setting, and character. 1. Theme Theme is the main discussion, which is put on important place in literary work, M,S Hutagalung (in Ahmad Badrun, 1983:85). William Kenny (1966 : 89) adds the theme is neither moral or the subject of the story. In addition, theme is meaning the story releases. Moral is a simple kind of theme, because all of themes of moral. It can be said that theme is the main discussion the story released. Add moral is a simple sort theme. Opdhal (1968 : 3) said that, theme is a idea or the concept implied in a short story .All stories have a theme or purpose no matter how seriously the author chooses to present it (Hamalian & Karl : 1978 : 327). A Theme of a story like plot maybe stated very briefly or at a greater length, with a simple or very brief story. We may be satisfied to sum up the theme in a single sentence but we may feel that a paragraph occasionally even an essay – is needed to state it adequatel. (Perin, 1978 : 113). Theme is the controlling and informing idea a literary work. Which writer content is a true or un true; a preposition which he undertaken to defends or attack (Duffy & Pettit, 1953 : 125). Theme and character are often closely related. The characters often symbolize an aspect of the theme. To observe the theme of a novel, (Perine, 1978 : 117). Stated that we should keep in mind the following principles. a) Theme must be expressible in the form of a statement with a subject and predicate. b) Theme is a central and unifying concept of a story. Therefore, (a) it must account For all the major details of the story, (b) the theme must not contradicted by any detail of the story, (c) the theme must not rely upon supposed facts not actually stated or clearly implied by the story. c) Theme must state as generalization about life. d) There is no one way of starting the theme of a story. e) We must be careful not to makes generalizes larger than is justified by the terms of the story. f) We should avoid any statement that reduces the theme to some familiar saying that we have heard all our lives. 2. Point of view The same as other elements of fiction, point of view, also ties together in the short story because each element could not be separated with another ones, point of view is the author’s vision toward character in the story (Rampan, 1995 :39). So this point of view closely related to telling techniques of the author toward work of fiction. In this case, the author‘s view will give consideration that short story has made must be a unity of a story. Abrams (In Nurgiantoro, 1995 : 248) defines point of view as the technique that s used by the author media to express character. Behavior, setting and, and some events in form a literary work. Furthermore, point of view can be mentioned as strategy, which in chosen freckly to reveal ideas and experience Both ideas and ideas and experiences are useful to find out the information of intrinsic elements, particularly point of view. Kamaly (2005 : 14) said that point of view is a way in delivering a story. Therefore, it’s a kind of tactic of the author in telling all events in that story. Abram, (In Nurgiantoro, 2002 : 249) said that point of view refers to the way a story is told .it is a way and or the view used by author as a medium in serving the character, action, setting, and the events. He and him – self concludes that point of view is essentially a strategy, technique, and tactic which are used and chosen by an author in telling story. Nurgiantoro (2002 : 242 – 271) divides point of view into three kinds they are : third single person, first person and mixed point of view. a) Third – single person It is point of view in which the narrator is an out said, it then presents all characters by name or pronoun. Nelson, Sarah, and Mrs Brand, or him, her and them. The author does not included in the story in this type of story telling the narrator can tell everything about the story or the character in details. This method of story-telling is also called â€Å"the eye of godâ€Å" because the narrator is put or put himself as god like who knows everything. When the narrator comes as on observer only, it called limited omniscient narration in which the narrator will only know one of the character’s felling, attitude, and behavior this point of view is divided into two kinds they are : the first, single limited narrator or he or she limited, the second, third single person omniscient. In third single person .Limited, the narrator tells about everything the figure, knows, hears, and sees, however it is limited to one figure only. The omniscient point of view or third person omni scient is a way in which the story is told point of view â€Å"heâ€Å" however the narrator can tell everything about figure. Therefore the narrator knows everything. b) First Single Person In this kind of point of view the author used â€Å"Iâ€Å" becomes one of character in the story. The narrator tells about him self, all the experiences he got through physically, †I â€Å" in this type point of view the character i comes as a narrator who tells about himself or everything he found, hears, and feel. This type of point of view is divided in to two; they are â€Å"Iâ€Å" as a main character, and â€Å"Iâ€Å" as additional character when â€Å"Iâ€Å" becomes the main character in the story. He will tell everything about himself. All of her knowledge, feels and experiences. In short he tell all about he himself. When the â€Å"Iâ€Å" comes up as an additional character, he in this position comes as a witness only who knows a little that happen to the main character. The main duty of the character in this case is just to serve the story. c) Mixing Point Of View The author sometimes tells from the beginning part of chapter by using first person single narrator. In other chapter the author changes his tactic by using third single person narrator. It can be seen in one of sir Arthur Conan Doyle‘s (1987 work entitled â€Å"a study I scarlet†. Thus this type of point of view is called mixing of point of view. Furthermore ,Sumardjo and Saini (1986 : 83 – 84). There are four types point of view, they are (1) omniscient point view. the author freely telling characters in the story. They determine themselves what they want to do, author knew all about the characters as the pronoun â€Å"she/he â€Å" (Nurgiyantoro, 1995 : 275). (2) Objective point of view, the authors work as in omniscient but not reveal a comment to the story. Readers are offered real situation without change the actual meaning. Letting the readers know the content of story freely.(Keegen, 1997). (3) first person point of view, the author tell himself as the Pronoun â€Å"Iâ€Å", sometime telling his experience based on the though way. (4) observer point of view, the author might choose characters to tell their experiences, ideas and feelings but these characters just show to the readers about what they have seen. In short, an author may collaborates two kinds of point of view in his work. He may use third single person and first single person in one novel. He also may use third single person omniscient narrator and third single person limited narrator. 3. Plot Plot is a series of events created by the author to tell the story .In most of stories, these events rise out of conflict experiences by the main character. The conflict isn‘t come from internal only but conflict comes from something external too, Stanton (In Nurgiantoro, 2002 : 113) said that plot is story that contains series of events. However, the causality aspect only connects each those event. One event caused the other event to happen. Nurgiantoro (2002 : 115) said that plot is the reflection of the character‘ s behavior and attitude in acting, thinking, felling, and facing the problems of life he or she faces. However not all of the human being experiences called plot. In addition, he added that the event, attitude, and behavior of human being would called a plot if they have special type. Syamsir Aripin as (In Kuswari‘s, 2005 : 14) said that plot is an integration of series of events that composed as functional interrelation. Plot reveals events to use only in their temporal but also their causal relationship, plot makes us aware of events not merely as element in temporal series but also as an increate pattern of cause and effect. In addition, the readers will know soonly about the end of the story as they just start reading the novel. However, they will not know about process or each detail of story until the last page of it, mixing plot, in a range. Some parts of the story are tells chronologically and the others are the flash back. Crises are the situation where as the character is give description by author‘s attitude. Climax is the moment of the greatest emotional tensio n so those conflicts in the story slow down. Conclusion is resolution of the story. 4. Setting Setting is illustration of times and places. It can also include complex dimension such as historical moment the story occupies or it‘s social context, because particular places and times have impersonality or emotional essence. Setting was also one of primary ways that a fiction writer established mood. When and where events occur are calls setting .They will become background of the story. Therefore, the readers of the story will get information about the condition and the situation of the places and times as the takes places. Aminudin (In Kuswari, 2005 : 16). Explained that setting is background of occurrence in fiction. Setting refers to place, time relationship , and social environment in which the events taken place. Setting can be divided into two; physical and spiritual setting. Physical setting refers to place and time. Spritual setting refers to custom, tradition, believe and value of the society where the event happens. (Nurgiantoro, 2002 : 218). It can be concluded that setting is background. of story the event illustrate .It refers to merely to the physical but also to non – physical .The physical setting my consist of place and space namely road, rivers and house. In addition, non – physical setting or spiritual setting refers to believe, costume, tradition and value as well. 5. Character Character is a person in a play or story (Duffy & Pettit, 1953 : 24) Character development involves both physical descriptive and classification of the mental and spiritual qualities of the person (Opdhal, 1968 : 3). Stanton stated that of story has the major character. its character, which is related to every event in the story, usually it will show the change both in the character itself or act toward the character. According to foster (Taylor, 1981 : 65) character is divided in two types: flat and round character. Flat character is less the representation of human personality than the embodiment of a single attitude or obsession in a character. Foster this calls kind of character flat because we see only one side of him. A flat character that never surprises the readers is immediately recognizable and usually can be represented as a single formula. Milley and Clueley (1904 : 27) divided characters in two categories. They are the major and the minor characters. The major characters are that a central to the action, so continual in there presents. In which it is expected that the author explore their take up and motivation thoroughly. While the minor character as miller, said has seen by us as they imagine on the person who support the major character so that the major character action become live and logical as the real life. Round characters are those fictional creation who has complex many faceted personalities and an independent inner life which itself invites our interest. Round characters can surprise the readers without credibility. A round character can surprise the readers without loosing credibility of a character. He must be credible, we as a reader want him to be recognizable similar in some aspects to people we have known, so that we can relate to him can understand, can like or dislike him. We may conclude that complexity of characters tends to produce lifelikeness in the world of fiction. Round character is more lifelike than flat character lifelike is one form of relevance. No real human being can be adequately summed up in formula as a flat character. Certainly no reader of fiction would be willing to admit that he can be summed up .Real human beings are capable of surprising us. The round character can surprise us; and the flat character cannot. A character may be consistent with what we have learned about .To identify characters in a story or novel the author may use three ways: a) The author tells us whether he is like by exposition or analysis. b) The character reveals himself through his speeches and action. c) The reaction of other characters to him indicated what type of a person he is. 6. Style Style is not quite different from point of view, where style emphasizes toward telling techniques about characters, and then point of view is the author’s way to express characters. Aminuddin (2003 : 72) and Keraf (1985 : 112) defined style comes from Latin Language (slilus), is a tool for writing. Furthermore style become skill capability reveal ideas and aesthetic word and can express the meaning beyond feeling touch and readers emotion in other words. Good literary are works that have harmony and aesthetic language and make readers are not boring, enjoy and feel empathy, it depends on author’s skill how to express style, in other word skill is author personality (Somardjo and Saini, 1986 : 92) or techniques reveal thoughts through typical language ,which showing author and soul and personality (Goris Keraf, 1985 : 113). Style is fiction refers to the language conventions used to construct the story; fiction writers can manipulate diction sentences structure, phrasing, dialog, and other aspects of language to create the style. Thus, a story’s story could be described as richly detailed. Flowing and barely controlled. Or sparing and minimalist to reflect the simple sentence structures and low range of vocabulary. By using different style in the short story, the readers also acquired different atmosphere from a story. Usually, old authors have strong style to express their work; different with young authors are still looking for a format, even styles of old writers will be followed by young writers, (Sumarjdo Saini, 1986 : 92). Language is central equipment which is used by the authors to reveal their commendations. However literary language has own target that different with languages of magazine, newspaper and daily language. The using of literary style is based on three fundamental matter, they are; (1) diction, (2) the form of word in the sentence (3) tone (Rampan, 1993 : 63).The three fundamental matters will avoke authors typical that compare it with others. Kerap (In Rampan,1995 : 63) states that. â€Å"Style is a part of diction that confers suitable word usage in certain clause to face certain situation. Because of the phenomenon of style covering all language hierarchy; diction individually, phrase, clause and sentences or cover all discourses generally.